TypeScript - JavaScript but better

TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that adds optional static typing and other advanced features to the language. It compiles down to plain JavaScript, making it compatible with existing JavaScript codebases while providing additional benefits for developers.

Using TypeScript in your projects

TypeScript is not a separate language - it’s a superset of JavaScript that adds optional static typing and other advanced features. On the client side, you’ll need a transpiler to translate the TypeScript code into JavaScript that browsers can understand. On the server side, you typically still need to transpile the code, but there are tools like tsx that make this fast and easy, and newer JS runtimes like bun and deno support TypeScript natively.

What makes TypeScript different

Here are some key features of TypeScript that set it apart from JavaScript:

Static Typing

TypeScript adds static typing to JavaScript, allowing you to define variable types explicitly. This helps catch type-related errors at compile-time, improving code reliability. TypeScript types are optional but provide better tooling support and code readability.

Example:

let x: number = 5;
x = "Hello"; // Error: Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'.

Interfaces and Type Aliases

TypeScript allows the definition of interfaces and type aliases to describe the structure of objects and functions. These constructs help in defining clear contracts for data shapes, making it easier to work with complex data structures.

Example:

interface User {
    name: string;
    age: number;
}

let user: User = {
    name: "Alice",
    age: 25
};

Classes and Inheritance

TypeScript builds on JavaScript’s prototype-based inheritance with a more familiar class-based syntax. It includes access modifiers (e.g., public, private, protected), which allow better control over the visibility of class members.

Example:

class Person {
    private name: string;

    constructor(name: string) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    greet() {
        console.log(`Hello, ${this.name}`);
    }
}

let john = new Person("John");
john.greet(); // Output: "Hello, John"

Generics

TypeScript’s generics allow you to create reusable components that work with any data type. Generics provide a way to create functions, classes, or interfaces that can operate on a variety of types while still being type-safe.

Example:

function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
    return arg;
}

let num = identity<number>(5); // num: number
let str = identity<string>("Hello"); // str: string

Union and Intersection Types

TypeScript supports union and intersection types, which allow a variable to take on multiple types (union) or combine multiple types (intersection). These features make it easier to handle different types of data in a type-safe manner.

Example:

function printId(id: number | string) {
    console.log(`ID: ${id}`);
}

printId(123); // Output: "ID: 123"
printId("abc"); // Output: "ID: abc"

Type Inference

While TypeScript allows explicit type annotations, it also has powerful type inference capabilities. This means the compiler can often determine the type of a variable based on the value assigned to it, reducing the need for explicit type declarations.

Example:

let x = 10; // TypeScript infers 'x' as a number
x = "Hello"; // Error: Type 'string' is not assignable to type 'number'.

Enums

TypeScript’s enum type provides a way to define a set of named constants. Enums make it easier to work with sets of related values and improve the readability of the code.

Example:

enum Direction {
    Up,
    Down,
    Left,
    Right
}

let move: Direction = Direction.Up;

Type Assertions

TypeScript allows type assertions to override its inferred types when you know more about the structure of your data than the type system can infer. This is useful in scenarios where you’re certain of a type but TypeScript can’t determine it automatically.

Example:

let someValue: unknown = "Hello, world!";
let strLength: number = (someValue as string).length;

Modules and Namespaces

TypeScript supports ES6 modules, allowing code to be organized into separate files with clearly defined imports and exports. Namespaces can also be used to group related code together under a common name, preventing global scope pollution.

Example:

export function add(a: number, b: number): number {
    return a + b;
}

// file: main.ts
import { add } from './mathUtils';
console.log(add(5, 3)); // Output: 8

Advanced Types

TypeScript provides advanced type features like Mapped Types, Conditional Types, and Utility Types. These features allow for more sophisticated type manipulations, making TypeScript a powerful tool for complex applications.

Example:

type Readonly<T> = {
    readonly [P in keyof T]: T[P];
};

interface User {
    name: string;
    age: number;
}

let user: Readonly<User> = {
    name: "Alice",
    age: 25
};

// user.age = 30; // Error: Cannot assign to 'age' because it is a read-only property.